2014 was a painful year that most bankers would prefer to forget rather than
remember. As we enter 2015, there is a lot bankers have to reflect upon.
To begin with, 2014 was a year of record fines on banks. At last count, the fines and
settlements were over US$100 billion and still counting. Ignore the fact that more than
half the value of fines was for geopolitical “non-compliance with trading with the
enemy”, rather than doing bad for customers.
The main message is this: The regulators finally exuded power as to who is the boss.
Misleading reform
Second, 2014 marked the end of the regulatory debate. The November G20 Summit
in Brisbane endorsed the regulatory deal on Basel III and total loss absorbing
capacity (TLAC). In combination, this package claims to fix too-big-to-fail banks
without any need for bailout by public funds.
That sounds very good. However, while the fight over the content of the regulatory
reforms is largely over, the implementation battle is only beginning.
If there is one forecast one can make with certainty, it is that when the G20 will
review Basel III outcome by 2019, it will be a hotchpotch of national versions of macro-
prudential stability. And everyone will conveniently claim to be “Basel III compliant” –
in name but not necessarily in substance.
The changing nature of global banking
Third, commercial banks are facing the biggest challenge to their business model.
The threat comes all the way from China – via the New York listing of Alibaba.com,
an electronic marketplace that was not even licensed as a bank. Founded less than
10 years ago, its market capitalization at US$250 billion matches that of Wells Fargo,
the world’s largest bank by market capitalization.
AliPay, ApplePay and other electronic platforms threaten to revolutionize payments
and also mobile finance, eating into the “lunch” of traditional retail banking.
Fourth, the consolidation of banking at the bottom of the industry is happening even
as the industry becomes more concentrated at the top.
The globally systemically significant banks are gaining market share through mergers
and acquisitions, while smaller banks are exiting the business. In the United States,
since the passing of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, the number of U.S. community
banks declined by one-quarter from 8,263 to 6,279.
Fifth, banks are no longer drivers of credit conditions. This is due to the massive
intervention of reserve central banks in interest rates, liquidity, risk and duration
through quantitative easing (QE).
There is, in fact, a real merry-go-round at work: The Fed is trying to withdraw, even
as the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of Japan are embarking on major
expansion of their balance sheets.
Central bank balance sheets have increased by almost US$1 trillion annually since
2007, bringing their share of global financial assets to US$24 trillion or 8 per cent of
total by the end of 2013.
A perfect storm of issues
Consequently, banking systems today face huge policy and regulatory risks on top of
market and technology risks.
The burden of QE adjustments will primarily fall on emerging market economies
(EMEs). This is due to relationship between advanced market interest rates and risk
premia on the one hand and EME rates and spreads on the other are non-linear.
A return to normal interest rates in advanced countries will cause real interest rates to
spike in emerging markets, resulting in slower growth. The sharp depreciation of
Asian exchange rates in November/December reflected such volatile capital flows.
In the meantime, commodity prices and exports are all under pressure due to the
slowdown of China and the advanced markets.
Furthermore, social inequity and consequences of climate change (think natural
disasters) add to new risks in the form of social protests, geopolitical tension and
weather change impact on food security.
All these factors in combination belie the heroic argument by Mark Carney, Chairman
of the G20 Financial Stability Board, that thanks to regulatory agreement the global
banking system “is simpler, safe and fairer.”
Banks are caught by that creative destruction in both their customer balance sheets
and in their own business model facing the invasion of Alipay, ApplePay and Bitcoin
models of settlement – and all that on top of a regulatory squeeze.
My conclusion?
2015 will be another year in the continuous stress test of the survival of the fittest.
A version of this article appeared in The Globalist, 5 January 2015
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